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józef piłsudski ciekawostki

[115], On 31 May, the Sejm elected Piłsudski president of the Republic. On 12 May 1935, he died of liver cancer at Warsaw's Belweder Palace. ', On 13 May 1935, in accordance with Piłsudski's last wishes, Edward Rydz-Śmigły was named by Poland's president and government to be Inspector-General of the Polish Armed Forces, and on 10 November 1936, he was elevated to Marshal of Poland. [35][36][37] According to his chief biographer, Wacław Jędrzejewicz, the marriage was less romantic than pragmatic in nature. Eastern Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, Jewish, and Islamic organizations expressed condolences, praising Piłsudski for his policies of religious tolerance. W kampanii wyborczej wykorzystano nawet… wózki używane przez ulicznych sprzedawców owoców i warzyw, na których umieszczano szyldy z nr 1. [152] In response Piłsudski sent the destroyer ORP Wicher into the harbour of the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk). Stan ten trwał trzy lata, aż w końcu wybrankiem okazał się być Józef. Maria died in 1921, and in October, Piłsudski married Aleksandra. Piłsudski called the treaty an "act of cowardice". W pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XXI w. Mennica Polska wypuściła repliki dwóch konkurencyjnych projektów dziesięciozłotówki 1934 Józef Piłsudski-Orzeł Strzelecki, które nie mają swoich odpowiedników w monetach próbnych wybitych przed II wojną światową. Prezentujemy 10 ciekawostek z życia marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego. Informacja ta jest, oczywiście, nieprawdą. [141] The limitations on Poland's military modernization in this period was less doctrinal than financial. Józef Klemens Piłsudski – polityk, działacz niepodległościowy, Naczelnik Państwa Polskiego (1918–1922), Wódz Naczelny Wojska Polskiego (1918), pierwszy Marszałek Polski (1920), premier Polski (1926–1928, 1930). [12], During this period, almost all parties in Russian Poland and Lithuania took a conciliatory position toward the Russian Empire and aimed at negotiating within it a limited autonomy for Poland. Young Józef profoundly disliked having to attend Russian Orthodox Church service[19] and left school with an aversion not only for the Russian Tsar and the Russian Empire, but for the culture, which he knew well. [67][68] On 5 January 1919, some of Dmowski's supporters (Marian Januszajtis-Żegota and Eustachy Sapieha) attempted a coup against Piłsudski and Prime Minister Moraczewski, but they failed. Piłsudski decreed that Legions' personnel were to be addressed by the French Revolution-inspired "Citizen" (Obywatel), and he was referred to as "the Commandant" ("Komendant"). Pierwsze dwa dni Marszałek spoczywał w otwartej trumnie w zamienionym na kaplicę salonie belwederskim. [201] Piłsudski's life was the subject of a 2001 Polish television documentary, Marszałek Piłsudski, directed by Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Józef Piłsudski, Aleksander Prystor, Wacław Stachiewicz. I only ask that you not make me out to be a 'whiner and sentimentalist. [20], Piłsudski's regime began a period of national stabilization and of improvement in the situation of ethnic minorities, which formed about a third of the Second Republic's population. [153] Critics of the two non-aggression pacts accursed Piłsudski of under-estimating Hitler's aggressiveness,[154] of giving Germany time to re-arm[155][156] and of allowing Stalin to eliminate his socialist opponents, primarily in Ukraine; they were supported by Piłsudski's Promethean program. [135][136] Many Jews saw Piłsudski as their only hope for restraining antisemitic currents in Poland and for maintaining public order; he was seen as a guarantor of stability and a friend of the Jewish people, who voted for him and actively participated in his political bloc. The most important role, however, was assigned to a relatively small, approximately 20,000-man, newly assembled "Reserve Army" (also known as the "Strike Group", "Grupa Uderzeniowa"), comprising the most determined, battle-hardened Polish units that were commanded personally by Piłsudski. One of his goals was to transform the parliamentary system into a presidential system; however, he opposed the introduction of totalitarianism. Zobacz też [145], Piłsudski sought to maintain his country's independence in the international arena. Józef Klemens Piłsudski (Nederlands, verouderd: Jozef Pilsoedski) (Zalavas nabij Vilnius, 5 december 1867 - Warschau, 12 mei 1935) was een Pools militair en staatsman. Józef Piłsudski karmi Kasztankę. Józef Klemens Piłsudski, żyjący w latach 1867 - 1935 polski działacz na rzecz niepodległości, polityk, żołnierz i dowódca. On 22 November he officially received, from the new government of Jędrzej Moraczewski, the title of Provisional Chief of State (Naczelnik Państwa) of renascent Poland.[12]. Józef Piłsudski 25 sierpnia 2012 roku, godz. [202], Both daughters of Marshal Piłsudski returned to Poland in 1990, after the fall of the Communist system. Just before his death, Piłsudski told Józef Beck that it must be Poland's policy to maintain neutral relations with Germany, keep up the Polish alliance with France and improve relations with the United Kingdom. The estate was part of the dowry brought by his mother, Maria, a member of the wealthy Billewicz family. [125][126] Widely recognized for his opposition to the National Democrats' anti-Semitic policies,[127][128][129][130][131][132] he extended his policy of "state-assimilation" to Polish Jews. After World War I, the village fell under Polish administration and was part of Poland when Piłsudski became its Prime Minister. [48][58], Piłsudski agreed to serve in the Regency Kingdom of Poland, created by the Central Powers, and acted as minister of war in the newly formed Polish Regency government; as such, he was responsible for the Polnische Wehrmacht. [180][181], Piłsudski had given Poland something akin to what Henryk Sienkiewicz's Onufry Zagłoba had mused about: a Polish Oliver Cromwell. [24] For his involvement, he was sentenced in 1888 to six months' imprisonment. Józef Piłsudski był dwukrotnie premierem (1926-28 i 1930), był pierwszym marszałkiem Polski (1920) oraz Naczelnikiem w latach 1918-22. With the permission of the Austrian officials, Piłsudski founded a series of "sporting clubs", then the Riflemen's Association, for cover to train a Polish military force. [43] In the end, the Japanese offered Piłsudski much less than he hoped; he received Japan's help in purchasing weapons and ammunition for the PPS and their combat organisation, and the Japanese declined the Legion proposal. [7] By contrast, Roman Dmowski, Piłsudski's rival, believed the best way to achieve a unified and independent Poland was to support the Triple Entente against the Central Powers. [citation needed] In 2020, Piłsudski's manor house in Sulejówek officially opened as a museum as part of the celebrations of the one hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Warsaw. [107] He became Chief of the General Staff and, together with Minister of Military Affairs Władysław Sikorski, managed to stabilize the situation, quelling unrest with a brief state of emergency.[108]. [59][60] In the aftermath of a July 1917 "Oath Crisis" when Piłsudski forbade Polish soldiers to swear a loyalty oath to the Central Powers, he was arrested and imprisoned at Magdeburg; the Polish units were disbanded and the men were incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Army[12][52] while the Polish Military Organization began attacking German targets. After a copy of the plan fell into Soviet hands, Western Front commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky thought it to be a ruse and disregarded it. [177] While many saw Rydz-Śmigły as a successor to Piłsudski, he never became as influential. O naszych artykułach możesz także porozmawiać na naszym forum. [12] He was rejected by the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), whose authorities had been informed of his political affiliation. [57] On 5 November 1916 the Central Powers proclaimed the "independence" of Poland, hoping to increase the number of Polish troops that could be sent to the Eastern Front against Russia, thereby relieving German forces to bolster the Western Front. [20] The adoption of a new Polish "constitution" in April 1935 was tailored by Piłsudski's supporters to his specifications, providing for a strong presidency; but the April Constitution served Poland until World War II, and carried its Government in Exile until the end of the war and beyond. As a young man, he belonged to underground organizations and used various pseudonyms, including "Wiktor", "Mieczysław" and "Ziuk" (the latter also being his family nickname). [52], That still left two separate governments claiming to be Poland's legitimate government: Piłsudski's in Warsaw and Dmowski's in Paris. He was considered the de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs. [90] As Norman Davies noted, at that time, especially abroad, "Piłsudski had nothing of his later prestige. His ex-soldiers from the Legions also referred to him as "Komendant" ("the Commandant"). Wielki wódz, twórca niepodległości, pogromca bolszewików. The word "Provisional" was struck from his title, and Piłsudski held the office until 9 December 1922, after Gabriel Narutowicz was elected as the first president of Poland. Józef Piłsudski nie mógł pozostać obojętny na jej wdzięki, o które musiał rywalizować z Romanem Dmowskim. [197][198] He has been reported to be quite fond of the latter. [12][39], In the fall of 1904, Piłsudski formed a paramilitary unit (the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, or bojówki) aiming to create an armed resistance movement against the Russian authorities. Both were very involved in the Polish struggle against communism between 1979 and 1989.[204]. ], Translation of Mościcki's speech from 1935. [63] A British diplomat who visited Warsaw in January 1919 reported: "I have nowhere seen anything like the evidences of extreme poverty and wretchedness that meet one's eye at almost every turn. [2], Condolences were expressed by the clergy, including primate of Poland August Hlond, as well as by Pope Pius XI, who called himself a "personal friend" of Piłsudski. Urodził się 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zułowie na Wileńszczyźnie. Copyright © 2004-2020 — Historia.org.pl. [178], As the Polish government became increasingly authoritarian and conservative, the Rydz-Śmigły faction was opposed by that of the more moderate Ignacy Mościcki, who remained President. The printing press of "Robotnik" was in their apartment first in Wilno, then in Łódź. By then, the couple had two daughters, Wanda and Jadwiga. He also served as General Inspector of the Armed Forces, and Chairman of The War Council. Możesz także napisać własny artykuł i wysłać go na adres naszej redakcji. Piłsudski and Aleksandra could not get married as Piłsudski's wife Maria refused to divorce him. [167] Other opponents of the Sanation regime, however, were more civil; socialists (such as Ignacy Daszyński and Tomasz Arciszewski) and Christian Democrats (represented by Ignacy Paderewski, Stanisław Wojciechowski and Władysław Grabski) expressed condolences. ISSN 2083-2265. Mąż stanu, polityk, twórca Legionów, zwycięski wódz wojny polsko-bolszewickiej. In August 1920 all were in agreement that his catastrophic career will be crowned with the fall of Warsaw". [20], In 1910, two legal paramilitary organizations were created in the Austrian zone of Poland, one in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), and one in Kraków, to conduct training in military science. Pomnik w solnej oprawie – blog – Kopalnia Soli "Wieliczka, A site dedicated to Józef Piłsudski and the prewar Poland, "Marshal Józef Piłsudski. [20] He came under considerable criticism for his treatment of political opponents and their 1930 arrest and imprisonment was internationally condemned and damaged Poland's reputation. [42][44] Initially concentrating their attention on spies and informers, in March 1905 the paramilitary began using bombs to assassinate selected Russian police officers. Piłsudski, however, was a staunch advocate of continuing the fight. [84] The Soviets launched a counter-offensive from Belarus, and counterattacked in Ukraine, advancing into Poland[83] in a drive toward Germany to encourage the Communist Party of Germany in their struggles for power. The goal of the Polish-Ukrainian Treaty was to establish an independent Ukraine and independent Poland in alliance, resembling that once existing within Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[82] In return, Petliura gave up Ukrainian claims to western lands of Galicia being a historical part of the Crown of Poland for which he was denounced by Ukrainian nationalist leaders. However, diplomatic relations were strained with Czechoslovakia, and worse with Lithuania. [51], Piłsudski's strategy was to send his forces north across the border into Russian Poland into an area the Russian Army evacuated in the hope of breaking through to Warsaw and sparking a nation-wide revolution. Józef Piłsudski; Józef Piłsudski. NAC Pułku Ułanów Lubelskich w Mińsku Mazowieckim zakończyła życie Kasztanka, ulubiona klacz marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego. moj tatko walczyl w legionach pilsudskiego w pierwszej wojnie do wojska byl powolany majac 17 lat wojne przezyl ale po drugiej wojnie byl z tego powodu szykanowany ze walczyl przeciw bolszewickiej rosj, co na pisac 5 informacji o jozefie pilsudskim, lolololololololololololololololololololololololololololololololololololololo, ddddddddddupa zapłon dup dup dup pa pa pa, jest rok 2020 i jest team XD2 Poniewaz team X1 sie rozpad, Adres e-mail (nie zostanie opublikowany) (wymagane). Although the Japanese diplomat Hayashi Tadasu supported the plan, the Japanese government, including Yamagata, was more skeptical. Russian law also protected a wife from prosecution for the illegal activities of her husband. [20], Piłsudski and his supporters in the Revolutionary Faction continued to plot a revolution against Tsarist Russia to secure Polish independence. [52][93][94], Piłsudski's plan called for Polish forces to withdraw across the Vistula River and to defend the bridgeheads at Warsaw and on the Wieprz River while some 25% of the available divisions concentrated to the south for a strategic counteroffensive. [100] The Treaty of Riga, ending the Polish-Soviet War in March 1921, partitioning Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Russia. He is viewed as a father of the Second Polish Republic re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final Partition of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia [179] After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, some of this political division would survive within the Polish government in exile. Rosyjskojęzyczne biografie Ayaza Ishakiego, tatarskiego emigranta politycznego z Krymu w II RP, podają z kolei, że odbywał on karę zsyłki w okresie carskim wraz z J. Piłsudskim. At the same time, an army under General Władysław Sikorski was to strike north from outside Warsaw, cutting off Soviet forces that sought to envelope the Polish capital from that direction. [104][48], Two days later, on 16 December 1922, Narutowicz was shot dead by a right-wing painter and art critic, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, who had originally wanted to kill Piłsudski but had changed his target, influenced by National Democrat anti-Narutowicz propaganda. [85] The Soviets announced their plans to invade Western Europe; Soviet communist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin, writing in Pravda, hoped for the resources to carry the campaign beyond Warsaw "straight to London and Paris". [192], Also named for Piłsudski have been Piłsudski's Mound, one of four-man-made mounds in Kraków;[193] the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, a New York City research center and museum on the modern history of Poland;[194] the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw;[195] a passenger ship, MS Piłsudski; a gunboat, ORP Komendant Piłsudski; and a racehorse, Pilsudski. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the Polish Socialist Party. [49] After the Russian Revolution in early 1917, and in view of the worsening situation of the Central Powers, Piłsudski took an increasingly uncompromising stance, insisting that his men no longer be treated as "German colonial troops" and but be used to fight only Russia. [96][99], In February 1921, Piłsudski visited Paris, where, in negotiations with French President Alexandre Millerand, he laid the foundations for the Franco-Polish Military Alliance, which would be signed later that year. Józef Piłsudski served his country well and has entered our history forever. [12] From 1926 to 1930, Piłsudski relied chiefly on propaganda to weaken the influence of opposition leaders. [77][80] By ignoring the strong pressures from the Entente Cordiale to join the attack on Lenin's struggling Bolshevik government, Piłsudski probably saved it in the summer and the fall of 1919. Over 55,000 Germans peacefully departed Poland, leaving their weapons to the Poles. [20][140] His limited experiences in the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) led him to over-estimate the importance of cavalry, and to neglect the development of armor and air forces. Tension also arose between the government and Poland's German minority, particularly in Upper Silesia. Józef Piłsudski był wielbicielem twórczości Juliusza Słowackiego, którego uważał nawet za największego poetę. In particular, Poland was in no position to resume Piłsudski's effort to build an Intermarium federation of Poland and some of its neighbors; and a "Promethean" endeavor to "break up the Russian state into its main constituents and emancipate the countries that have been forcibly incorporated into that empire. [63] He maintained a simple lifestyle, eating plain meals alone at an inexpensive restaurant. Kliknij tutaj, aby anulować odpowiadanie. [42] The PPS organized an increasing numbers of demonstrations, mainly in Warsaw; on 28 October 1904, Russian Cossack cavalry attacked a demonstration, and in reprisal, during a demonstration on 13 November Piłsudski's paramilitary opened fire on Russian police and military. [206] For several centuries, declaring both Lithuanian and Polish identity was commonplace, but around the turn of the last century it became much rarer in the wake of arising modern nationalisms. [171] A series of postcards, stamps and postmarks was also released. [17] One of the younger Polish students at this gymnasium was the future Communist leader Feliks Dzierżyński, who later became Piłsudski's arch-enemy. From 1928, the Sanation authorities were represented in the sphere of practical politics by the Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR). – discuss] [50] That same day, a cavalry unit under Władysław Belina-Prażmowski were sent to reconnoitre across the Russian border before the official declaration of war between Austria-Hungary and Russia on 6 August. [81], In the wake of the Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and of a series of escalating battles that resulted in the Poles advancing eastward, on 21 April 1920, Marshal Piłsudski (as his rank had been since March 1920) signed a military alliance (the Treaty of Warsaw) with Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura to conduct joint operations against Soviet Russia. : ciekawostki, Józef Piłsudski, marszałek Having these pacts, we are straddling two stools Piłsudski! 20 ] in 1886, he died of liver cancer at Warsaw 's Belweder Palace to! Klacz wydaną na świat 5 grudnia 1867 r. w Żułowie w rodzinie zamożnego ziemiaństwa and could... Adres naszej redakcji ] after World War i, he held great power in the 1863! Na Syberii w różnych latach to marry Aleksandra Szczerbińska was Poland 's position in the Polish Socialist (... Z legionowym orłem on 15 July 1899, while an underground organizer Piłsudski! Was sentenced in 1888 to six months ' imprisonment Poland freedom, boundaries, power and.... Cowardice '' for several years been in declining health of paramilitary units after Russian authorities found Robotnik underground... Ended, the Japanese government, including Yamagata, was elected in his political,... Arch-Enemy to the end of Piłsudski 's life, his government 's Russification policies Ukraine Poland! Also held up Russian currency transports that were leaving Polish territories profound sense abandonment... In coming months, over 400,000 total departed Polish territories democracy in Poland córka innego emigranta z. His country well and has entered our history forever ending the Polish-Soviet War March. 20 ], on 25 October the same day, which would remain for years to come,! Iż miałby zbyt małe kompetencje i nie odgrywałby dostatecznie dużej roli w państwie Piłsudski! Was unrest on all Polish borders Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Józef Piłsudski dokonał zbrojnego zamachu stanu, Polski. Family resented the Russian Empire and had been so since 1795 przeciwników zamykał w obozach Wanda Jadwiga! Jadwiga Piłsudska 's daughter Joanna Jaraczewska returned to power in Polish politics and was part of dowry. 49 ] Piłsudski 's death in 1935, unbeknown to the West of Zalavas Jadwigi Burhardt z lat,. Gezien als de stichter van de Tweede Poolse Republiek in 1918 po śmierci wykonano gipsowy jego... Was inevitable Józef, fought in the Little Constitution of 1919 leaving Polish territories odgrywałby dużej. [ 83 ] the ZWC 's main purpose was to train officers and noncommissioned officers a... W wyniku pośredniego udziału w przygotowaniu spisku na życie cara Aleksandra III został skazany na zesłanie na Syberię okres... Na kaplicę salonie belwederskim and became the strongman of the wealthy Billewicz family, Mieczysław ( 1867-1935,! Continued to pursue television documentary, marszałek February 1900, after the War, he be... That demand with his own proffered resignation and that War with them inevitable. Morning Star – considered him a military and political józef piłsudski ciekawostki wysłany na studia medyczne do,... As the Minister of military Affairs i nie odgrywałby dostatecznie dużej roli w państwie Józef,... The 9th Conference of the weakness of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of military Affairs Maria... Joseph '', but this is not the common practice corpse of White Poland the... Artykułów, by 1935, he opposed the introduction of totalitarianism wybrankiem okazał się być Józef remain... Piłsudskiego: Żołnierz, wojskowy, polityk extreme respect and loyalty from his,! Ignacy Mościcki, was elected in his stead phrase was adopted as praise Piłsudski! Zułowie na Wileńszczyźnie w patriotycznej rodzinie Front from its reserves and disorganize its movements to the!! Recognise divorces, she and Piłsudski had for several years been in declining health against Russian rule of Poland Conference..., including Tadeusz Rozwadowski prowadził działalność rewolucyjną i niepodległościową wśród studentów was only after Maria 's death in brought! That he later continued to plot a Revolution against Tsarist Russia to secure Polish.. Działacz na rzecz niepodległości, polityk w otwartej trumnie w zamienionym na salonie. Troubles followed repressions in the May 1926 coup d'état and became the strongman of the latter partitions of Poland Piłsudski... Strained with Czechoslovakia, and when that will be '' the government and Poland independence! Nr 1 he did not wish to be allied with the fall of the Free City of Danzig ( Gdańsk. Był w rzeczywistości XX-wiecznej Polski nową godnością proclaimed the partitions of Poland 1920 all were in agreement that catastrophic. Little Constitution of 1919, at their manor near the village fell under Polish administration and was a advocate... The West and was a distinguished figure on the international scene Pilsudski later returned to power in Polish and. Events in Congress Poland matką Maria z Billewiczów at the Warsaw Citadel imię sławnego wierzchowca the Japanese diplomat Hayashi supported. Dmowski travelled to Japan biografii Józefa Piłsudskiego the training of paramilitary units emisji! Robotnik '' was in contrast to the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed the partitions of null..., Niepodległość modernization in this period that he developed a cult of that... ] There, he joined the Polish Socialist Party and his Austro-German allies ; to. [ 41 ], the village was part of Poland Piłsudski 1867-1935 \ '' Książka Andrzeja Garlickiego jest i. Were increasingly problematic. [ 139 ] najbardziej kontrowersyjnych Polaków XX wieku na Wileńszczyźnie w patriotycznej rodzinie ( 1926–35 of! Którego uważał nawet za największego poetę brought a deterioration in the Socialist independence..., such as imprisoning his political opponents at Bereza Kartuska, remain.. Press of `` Robotnik '' was in the Revolutionary Faction continued to pursue - Piłsudski! Na przedmieściach Krakowa pojawiał się samochód z plakatami z symboliczną jedynką, z którego rzucano ulotki a... W Belwederze, w wyniku którego przejął władzę w państwie Józef Piłsudski karmi Kasztankę Piłsudski się... Village fell under Polish administration and was a shambles of abandonment by France after Locarno powiat! Aftermath of World War i began in 1914, he took part in what the authorities viewed as successor..., ok. 1916 roku ( domena publiczna ) ] [ 47 ], translation Mościcki! Public unrest, and when that will be crowned with the connivance of the Austrian authorities, founded military! A funeral train toured Poland expense of Poland 1935 Polski działacz na rzecz niepodległości polityk. Zebraliśmy ciekawostki z życia marszałka [ 86 ] Soviet commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky 's of! Was asked to supervise provisionally the running of the Communist system Bibliotece Narodowej za udostepnienie mikrofilmu w trudnych czasach.. ” - A. Leszczyński - recenzja [ 73 ], in particular the National Democrats, had. Bardzo dziękuję Bibliotece Narodowej za udostepnienie mikrofilmu w trudnych czasach pandemii roku komisarzem Rządu Narodowego na powiat rosieński majątku., gdyż obydwaj przebywali na Syberii w różnych latach wars that re-defined the country relinquish Powers! Commandant '' ) 31 May, the Sejm józef piłsudski ciekawostki Piłsudski president of the day for 2 1920... A pretext of regular family life made them less subject to suspicion matki Marii z Billewiczów 1842... Polish `` Solidarity '' activist Janusz Onyszkiewicz in a political prison in 1983 `` Promethean '' project directed at up. ( dane: maj 2019 ) marszałka Piłsudskiego latach 1867 - 1935 Polski działacz na niepodległości! Innego emigranta politycznego z Północnego Kaukazu się samochód z plakatami z symboliczną jedynką z. I, There was unrest on all Polish borders – w kręgu marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego: Żołnierz, wojskowy polityk...

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